The Indigenous Science of Permaculture by Juliana Birnbau

Global warming, widespread species loss and other ecological crises have forced the world to wake up to the necessity of a systems-level change in order to avoid large-scale environmental and social catastrophe. As the limits of industrialization come to be more widely acknowledged, there are signs that contemporary culture is beginning to recognize the value of indigenous science and its capacity to model solutions to the world's most urgent problems. Permaculture is a philosophy and design system that integrates traditional knowledge with appropriate technology, linking ancient and modern approaches. As an indigenous science, it can reconnect traditional people with ancestral knowledge, as well as giving industrialized societies a framework to meet their needs in a more sustainable way.

Modern and traditional green technologies at Torri Superiore ecovillage, Italy
In New Orleans, experts contending with the erosion suspected of weakening levees that failed in Hurricane Katrina are turning to permaculture, exploring a technique used for centuries by traditional farmers in South India: vetiver grass. Historically planted to mark borders and help maintain moisture and nutrients in soil, this ancient technology has been utilized successfully over the past decade to clean up toxic waste and prevent erosion in dozens of countries. This is just one of thousands of examples, from medical to social and ecological, of indigenous science solving contemporary problems.

Permaculture is a holistic, practical design system that can be applied in a multitude of ways, including food production, housing, appropriate technology, and community development. As a term it is relatively new-developed in the 1970s by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, whose work focused on perennial farming practices that make use of nature's patterns and relationships- yet the code of ethics at the heart of permaculture is timeless. Evoking permanent agriculture as well as permanent culture, it is about cultivating a regenerative relationship between people and the earth, using techniques both old and new. Its principles can be used to restore degraded landscapes, create self-sustaining food production cycles, and even significantly combat global warming through soil building and no-plow farming methods.
From its roots as an agro-ecological design theory, permaculture has grown a large following that continues to expand on the original ideas through a network of trainings, publications, permaculture gardens, and internet forums. With projects in at least 75 countries around the world, it has become both a design system and a lifestyle ethic.

Indigenous Permaculture: "A Way of Cultural Resistance"

Pine Ridge, an Oglala Lakota(Sioux) reservation in South Dakota, has long been associated with intense native resistance-and violence. From the atrocities of the Wounded Knee massacre to the decades-long controversy surrounding Leonard Peltier, it holds a unique place in the history of indigenous struggle. Today Pine Ridge is notorious for being the most impoverished reservation in the United States, with an adolescent suicide rate four times the national average, unemployment around 80%, and many residents without access to energy or clean water. Although there is a good deal of agricultural production on the reservation, according to the USDA only a small percentage of tribal members directly benefit from it.
Guillermo Vasquez, a Nahuat and Mayan activist, leads Indigenous Permaculture, an organization that is partnering with Pine Ridge residents to develop a local food security project using ecological design principles. The organization is a cooperative of indigenous groups, including Nahuat, Lakota, Shuar and Maya, and non-native people. Its mission is to share indigenous farming practices and apply environmentally and culturally-appropriate technology, in a way that builds capacity within the community.

"We see that people lack holistic support to design and implement community food security projects," reads the Indigenous Permaculture mission statement. "The goal is to share information, build relationships and establish a local, organic food source for residents, inspired by indigenous peoples' understanding of how to live in place."
At Pine Ridge, Lakota project leader Wilmer Mesteth has been leading the development of the Wounjupi garden and of systems such as water catchment and greywater recycling, seed saving, and composting. The initiative sees local food security as a path to confront poverty and health issues such as diabetes, and is creating a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program. A greenhouse has been built, medicinal plants are being cultivated, and workshops are held for residents on perennial agriculture techniques. Last year, there was an excellent harvest, with enough produce to give to families and elders in the community, and even bring to share with an elders gathering in Montana. While grasshoppers destroyed many other crops on the reservation, the Wounjupi garden saw little damage, probably as a result of the permaculture technique of planting flowers that attract beneficial insects that prey on pests.
"We're seeing a major change in the soil due to the addition of organic matter," Vasquez reported. "It's much darker and richer, and the vegetables are starting to grow really well." The Pine Ridge project mirrors a program Vasquez pioneered in his native Nahuat community in El Salvador, both of which are also developing reforestation initiatives, solar power, and water purification systems.
The potential of soil building as a means to slow global warming is an exciting aspect of permaculture in practice. As a "carbon sink," soil holds carbon as organic matter, reducing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (the cause of global warming). Allan J. Yeomans writes in Priority One that if the soil fertility of the Great Plains that was destroyed in the past 150 years were to be restored, atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide would be reduced to close to pre-industrial levels. On a global scale, the same results would be achieved if organic matter levels of the world's agricultural and grazing lands were increased by 1.6%.
Vasquez spoke about permaculture as a new form of activism and a healing process, describing the movement as not just indigenous, but universal, and educational, rather than political.
"Up until now, educators, universities- they don't recognize indigenous science, and what we're talking about in this program is indigenous science," Vasquez explained.
"So what we're trying to do here is to share a little about how people can make change, create their own positive solutions to live."
Vasquez sees the potential of permaculture as a universal philosophy that builds bridges between contemporary and native cultures through indigenous science. It also has the capacity to strengthen alliances among native groups, both through its network for traditional knowledge-sharing, and as a common term for the environmental ethic shared by aboriginal cultures worldwide.
"Permaculture is a way of cultural resistance," he said. "Perhaps the way I plant trees or grow food for my family is the way to create a real green revolution and make change."

Permaculture in Israel: "We work the land together instead of fighting about it"

Jews and Arab Bedouins learn permaculture together
Often described as a quiet revolution, permaculture trainings have been held in hundreds of countries worldwide. An innovative program in Israel, called Bustan, directed by Bedouin activist Ra'ed Al Mickawi, brings Arabs, Jews, and Bedouins together for sliding-scale permaculture courses. The course combines teaching practical techniques in natural building, water catchment, and traditional agriculture with peace building.
"It is connected to peace, in that we work the land together instead of fighting about it," said Petra Feldman, a resident of Hava ve Adam, the permaculture center that hosted the training, where Israeli youth work for a year as an alternative to military service. Her husband Chaim Feldman, began a collaboration with Palestinian farmers on traditional agriculture. They have shared irrigation techniques , drought-resistant heirloom seeds, and other permaculture practices that allow farmers with restricted access to land to grow more intensively in smaller spaces.

"The closest thing in the world to the principles of permaculture I'm learning in this course are the principles of traditional Bedouin culture," said Haled Eloubra, a Bedouin community leader and green architect attending a Bustan course in May 2008, speaking through a translator. "The way that you approach nature, in a practical way. Unfortunately, since we were moved to cities, it has been difficult for us to continue in the old ways. In winter in Bedouin culture, you sit by the fire, cook, make tea, tell stories, and use it for many things. Each family had a well that collected rainwater and used it for the herd. Near the house you'd have chickens, a dog, camels, all living together as a system."
Eloubra plans to work on building a "green kindergarten" when he finishes the permaculture course. After getting his degree in architecture, he decided he was committed to creating a building that would be truly useful for his community. He focused on what he felt was most needed in the Bedouin settlements- educational facilities- and realized kindergarten would be the best place to start.
"I wanted to build using natural materials and realized that mud building made the most senseŠ In a community without power, it makes sense to build with mud, whose natural insulating qualities helps keep buildings cool in summer and warm in winter. The building will be solar powered, the water will be collected rainwater and there will be a greywater system-it will be an efficient, ecological building."
Bustan , the group that is partnering with Eloubra to build the kindergarten, has organized a number of successful projects involving permaculture and indigenous empowerment over the past ten years. They brought together five hundred Jewish and Bedouin volunteers to build an entirely sustainable, solar-powered medical clinic, transformed a school dump into a fruit-producing orchard as an educational project, and founded a center for Bedouin medicine which cultivates traditional herbs. There is no doubt in Eloubra's mind that this approach offers real answers to the environmental and challenges faced by his Bedouin community, and the planet as a whole.
"The solution for the world's problems today and the diseases within it is to move in the direction of permaculture," he asserted.

Avoiding Perma-colonialism

Indigenous Permaculture also offers its trainings on a pay-what-you-can basis, open to any participant who is willing to take the information back home and put it to use. Through networking with a variety of native communities worldwide, the aim is to train a cadre of local permaculturists who can share skills with their neighbors.
"If you bring people from the outside the community, they may not accept a 'permaculture teacher.' People may come and take plants, intellectual property, they never give back," Vasquez said. "This has gone on for too many years. Indigenous people need to decide their own destiny."

"I believe that unless we adopt sophisticated aboriginal belief systems and learn respect for all life, then we lose our own," he wrote in the seminal Permaculture: A Designers' Manual. In a more recent interview he spoke about how permaculture bridges ancient and modern worldviews.
"If I go to an old Greek lady sitting in a vineyard and ask, 'Why have you planted roses among your grapes?' she will say to me, 'Because the rose is the doctor of the grape. If you don't plant roses, the grapes get ill.'Š. [Then] I can find out that the rose exudes a certain root chemical that is taken up by the grape root which in turn repels the white fly (which is the scientific way of saying the same thing.)"
Mollison's perspective and the permaculture movement connects old and new, lending a detailed Western scientific understanding to traditional agricultural practices developed through indigenous methods, and proven by the test of time. Can this "scientific gaze" function in a way that does not colonize or appropriate traditional knowledge for profit, but to spread these practices for the benefit of many?
Histories of empire and forced assimilation into industrial economies have alienated native people from their culture worldwide, creating poverty and environmental destruction. The irony of 'teaching' permaculture to people who traditionally lived its principles is not lost on Vasquez, who points out that when he teaches, he doesn't always use the term. "We don't talk about it as permaculture in the indigenous community because we are talking about a way of lifeŠThey practice it, and it works, that's it."
Francis is excited by permaculture's capacity to reconnect people from traditional societies with practices endangered by legacies of oppression. "I have foundŠ that my students are exhilarated with their awakening awareness of process and creative thinking, and by having a framework of principles of sustainability by which to look afresh at their culture and measure the relative sustainability of remaining traditions and introduced practicesŠ. [There's] a fresh enthusiasm to rediscover the traditional practices, knowledge and wisdom that are rapidly being lost."
"This is where permaculture has such a potential to make a difference," writes Craig Mackintosh of the Permaculture Research Institute in Australia. "Part of what permaculture is about is getting the greatest productivity from the least land and labour. Traditional knowledge can be supplemented with proven, applied designs that can improve lifestyles whilst also building soil and natural habitats. Giving youth a vision in this regard, as well as educating them about the follies and pitfalls of a westward highway, could see lives being improved whilst maintaining culture and ecology."
The Ka'ala Center has been practicing this type of regenerative permaculture since before the term was widely circulated, starting in 1978 as a youth movement for water rights . Located in Wai'anae on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, the area has one of the largest native populations in Hawaii, and was once a thriving, self-sufficient community-the "poi bowl" or breadbasket, of the region. Today it's nearly impossible to find any food that's locally grown, and poverty and health problems are rampant. Ka'ala receives 4000 visitors a year, mostly young people, teaches traditional canoe and home construction skills and has restored pre-contact kalo (taro) pondfields. Founder Eric Enos sees this as a revolutionary act essential to the survival of his people, since according to the Kumulipo, or creation chant, kalo is the elder brother of the Hawaiian people.
Kina Mahi, an organizer at the center, described it as a kipuka- a place of regeneration. "When Pele, the goddess of the volcano, unleashes, she goes down the mountain with her lava trails and everything in her way is destroyed. The fingers of lava often go around little spots of green, and they remain. That's what a kipuka is," Mahi explained.
"A couple of years ago, our State legislature actually passed a resolution, where they coined the term "cultural kipuka." Our people and culture have been bulldozed by a lot of different thingsŠ. The disconnection of people from land has been the destructive course it's gone. But we have pockets of hope and regeneration like this, we've got our people. So our vision is that someday there will be a kipuka in every community."